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| Civil
War:: |
| A
civil war is a war in which parties within the
same culture, society or nationality fight against
each other for the control of political power.
Political scientists use two criteria: the warring
groups must be from the same country and fighting
for control of the political center, control over
a separatist state or to force a major change
in policy. The second criterion is that at least
1,000 people must have been killed in total, with
at least 100 from each side. Some civil wars are
categorized as revolutions when major societal
restructuring is a possible outcome of the conflict.
An insurgency, whether successful or not, is likely
to be classified as a civil war by some historians
if, and only if, organized armies fight conventional
battles. Other historians state the criterion
for a civil war is that there must be prolonged
violence between organized factions or defined
regions of a country.
Ultimately the distinction between
a "civil war" and a "revolution"
or any other name may be arbitrary, and is determined
by usage. However the distinction between a "civil
war" and "revolution" can be recognizable.
The successful civil war of the 1640s in England
which led to the (temporary) overthrow of the
monarchy became known as the English Civil War,
which can be described, by Marxists and some historians,
as the English Revolution. The successful insurgency
of the 1770s in British colonies in America, with
organized armies fighting battles, came to be
known as the American Revolution. In the United
States, and in American-dominated sources, the
term 'the civil war' usually means the American
Civil War, with other civil wars noted or inferred
from context. Factors such as nationalism, religion,
and ideology played little role in pre-modern
civil wars. Modern nationalists have commonly
read past revolts as early stirrings of nationalism,
the truth is that these conflicts were in fact
feudal or dynastic rather than national. There
are some pre-modern civil wars that can be seen
as fueled by religion, but these can also be seen
as revolts by a servile people against their oppressors
or uprisings by local notables in an attempt to
gain independence. |
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| Religious conflicts:: |
Civil
wars that are fought over religion have tended
to occur more in monotheistic than in polytheistic
societies; one explanation is that the latter
tend to be more "flexible" in terms
of dogma, allowing for some latitude in belief.
In Europe through the Middle Ages, the Christianity
of the great bulk of the population was influenced
by pagan tradition. With the great majority of
the population illiterate, access to the Bible
was limited and led to a significant amount of
syncretism between Christian and pagan elements.
With religion so loosely applied, it was rare
for people to feel particularly oppressed by it.
There were periodic appearances of heresies, such
as that of the Albigensians, which led to violence,
but historians tend to view these to be the product
of peasant revolts rather than themselves motivators
of a civil war.
As religions tended to become more rigidly
defined and understood by their followers, inter-religious
tensions generally increased. The rise of Islam
witnessed a rash of uprisings against non-Islamic
rulers soon after its appearance. Subsequent
Islamic history has been marked by repeated
civil conflicts, mostly stemming out of the
Shi'ite-Sunni divide. In Europe the Protestant
Reformation had a similar effect, sparking years
of both civil and international wars of religion.
Civil wars between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism
consumed France in the Wars of Religion, the
Netherlands during the Eighty Years' War, Germany
during the Thirty Years' War, and more recently,
The Troubles of Northern Ireland. Religious
disputes among Protestant sects also played
a role in the English Civil Wars, while official
persecution of Catholics during the French Revolution
spurred the Revolt in the Vendée. In
China an attempt at religious revolution caused
the bloodiest civil war of all time, the Taiping
Rebellion.
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